We have listed below The author’s technique in of Mice and Men By John Steinbeck. We hope the information provided helps you with your GCSE English Literature.

The author’s technique in of Mice and Men By John Steinbeck, article written by Andrew Moore

Structure

Steinbeck’s narrative method is unremarkable but effective in a simple way; for this reason it is not an obvious subject for study. The structure of the novella is clear and quite simple: each chapter is an extended episode, in the same place. Some things happen while others, which have happened, are re-told (George tells Slim about Weed; Whit tells the hands about Bill Tenner’s letter; Curley’s wife tells Lennie about her past).

Time and place

Steinbeck controls time and place very skilfully. Though he recalls events from earlier, what he narrates directly takes place over a single weekend. The narrative is framed by the opening and closing chapters, which are set in a beautiful clearing by a stream, close to the ranch. All the other chapters are set on the ranch, inside: in the bunkhouse, in Crooks’s room or in the barn. The text is very short, and yet a great proportion is taken up with dialogue, in the form of direct speech. It is clear from all of this (a series of “scenes”; no single viewpoint, nor access to thought; unity of time and place; past events recalled in conversation; indoor locations, and heavy reliance on dialogue) that the novella has been written with an eye to dramatization. It is not surprising to discover that Steinbeck himself did write a dramatization for the stage, and that this has subsequently been made into (two) very successful feature films.

Viewpoint

The novella is written in the third person, but there is no single viewpoint. We read of scenes in which George or Lennie or both are present, but we may briefly follow other characters (Candy or Crooks, say). We are never told what anyone is thinking, but must work this out from what people say, with one curious exception. In the final chapter, Steinbeck describes the imaginary talking rabbit (as one would expect from Lennie, it does not see anything odd in telling him he is not fit “to lick the boots of no rabbit”!) and the remembered Aunt Clara, who appear to Lennie, their voices supplied by his talking aloud.

Language and symbolism

The language of the narrative is fairly simple; most vocabulary is of an everyday kind, except for names of items of farm equipment to which Steinbeck refers. In the dialogue, Steinbeck uses slang and non-standard terms (“would of”, “brang” and so on) to convey an authentic sense of the speaking voice.

Apart from the symbolism in the title, we should note the symbolic function of the killing of Candy’s old dog. At various points in the novel shooting is mentioned as a way out of trouble (as when George says he would shoot himself if he were related to Lennie). The killing of the dog parallels the shooting of Lennie: both are depicted as merciful, in both cases the shot is in the same place (base of the skull) and Slim approves both killings.

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Of Mice and Men: George to Lenny Chapter 1

“Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They don’t belong no place. . . . With us it ain’t like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us. We don’t have to sit in no bar room blowin’ in our jack jus’ because we got no place else to go. If them other guys gets in jail they can rot for all anybody gives a damn. But not us.”

Of Mice and Men: George  in Chapter 1

“Whatever we ain’t got, that’s what you want. God a’mighty, if I was alone I could live so easy. I could go get a job an’ work, an no trouble. No mess at all, and when the end of the month come I could take my fifty bucks and go into town and get whatever I want.”

Of Mice and Men: Lennie in Chapter 3

“We could live offa the fatta the lan’.”

Of Mice and Men: Crooks in Chapter Chapter 4

“S’pose you didn’t have nobody. S’pose you couldn’t go into the bunk house and play rummy ’cause you was black. How’d you like that? S’pose you had to sit out here an’ read books. Sure you could play horseshoes till it got dark, but then you got to read books. Books ain’t no good. A guy needs somebody – to be near him. A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody. Don’t make no difference who the guy is, long’s he’s with you. I tell ya, I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an’ he gets sick.”

Of Mice and Men: Slim in Chapter 6

“Never you mind. A guy got to sometimes.”

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Original article sourced from the super teacher resource website Teachkit. Teachkit offer a great selection of free GCSE English and GCSE English Literature notes to help you revise and learn.

The themes of this novella are very clear: one (the fragility of people’s dreams) is indicated in the title. The other themes are friendship, and its opposite, loneliness.

The fragility of dreams

The novella’s title comes from a poem, To a Mouse (on turning her up in her nest with the plough) by the Scots poet Robert Burns (1759-1796):

“The best-laid plans of mice and men
Gang aft agley (=often go wrong).
And leave us naught but grief and pain
For promised joy.”

Burns shows how the plans of men are no more secure than those of the mouse, and this is the point of Steinbeck’s title. The source of the characters’ dreams is their discontent with their present. Steinbeck shows how poor their lifestyle is: they have few possessions, fewer comforts, no chance of marriage or family life and no place of their own.

George’s and Lennie’s dream is at first a whim, but becomes clearer. The unexpected opportunity offered by Candy’s money means it is no longer a fantasy, but the threat to the fulfilment of this dream, ever-present in Lennie’s behaviour finally destroys it, just as it has become possible. Candy and Crooks both try to share in this dream. Candy is desperate and, so, ready to trust his fortune to a near stranger.

Crooks is most cynical about the dream of owning land: “Nobody never gets to heaven and nobody never gets no land”, even though every ranch-hand, he says, has “land in his head”. Yet even he, recalling happy times in his childhood, hopes, briefly, for a share in George’s and Lennie’s dream.

Curley’s wife indulges a different fantasy, far less likely of fulfilment. As many young women do, she aspires to stardom in films. She knows she is pretty, and, believing too readily the man who says she is “a natural”, thinks her talent is merely waiting for an opportunity and that her mother has stolen the letter which represents her chance for fame. Steinbeck describes precisely “the small grand gesture” (an oxymoron or contradiction in terms) with which she demonstrates to Lennie her supposed talent.

The end of the novella seems to confirm Crooks’s pessimistic view. None of the characters does achieve his or her dream. But this seems more due to a lack of opportunity and the way society is organized, than to anything else.

Loneliness and friendship

To the people on the ranch, even the broad-minded Slim, George’s and Lennie’s partnership is very unusual. It is clear that most of them are lonely. Some, like Whit, feel the loneliness and remember wished-for friends with affection. Others learn to be self-sufficient emotionally, or just plain selfish. Crooks insists on his right to be alone even though he dislikes it, while Carlson seems incapable of actually sympathizing with anyone else’s viewpoint. Curley can only communicate through aggression. He marries to impress the men with his sexual prowess and to boast to his wife about how he will give “the ol’ one-two” to his opponents. Slim enjoys respect and a friendly manner, if not actual friendship, from the others on the ranch. He is welcoming and sympathetic to George and Lennie, and forces Carlson to consider Candy’s feelings: he allows the dog to be shot, but Carlson must bury it; Candy should not have to do this. Candy is desperate for companionship, and readily discusses the proposed ranch with Lennie (“I been figurin’ how we can make on them rabbits”) without any sense that Lennie is too simple to follow his conversation.

Crooks astutely notes that Lennie cannot remember what he is saying, but points out that most people in conversation do this, that being with another is what counts; and so he talks freely to Lennie, who has the same effect on Curley’s wife. She cannot speak to her husband but pours out her troubles to Lennie. It is ironic that the retarded man should be taken into the confidence of these supposedly normal characters. It is unfortunate that the rare relationship of friends should be ended by one of them; in killing Lennie, George knows (and tells Candy) he is condemning himself to the life of working for a month, then blowing his pay in the pool-room and “lousy cat-house”. And the detailed references to the two brothels in Soledad remind us both of the lack of opportunity for the ranch-hands to have a lasting sexual relationship, and the absence of opportunities for women to work in respectable jobs.

We hope this article helps with your GCSE English Literature revision. Be sure to check out the LearnThruMusic learning song “The American Dream” Of Mice and Men

As part of our FREE character profiles for 12 key GCSE texts. We want to help you revise and learn GCSE English and GCSE English Literature to your full potential.

• George Milton: A sharp-witted, intelligent man who is friends with Lennie. He feels responsible for caring for Lennie. George dreams of one day buying his own land with Lennie and making a better life.

• Lennie Small: An immensely strong but gentle man who has a mental disability. Lennie’s loving nature combined with his disability and great strength result in him tragically hurting or killing the soft creatures he loves. He dreams of living from the land he intends to buy with George and being able to tend to rabbits.

• Candy: A one handed ranch worker who is nearing retirement and shares George and Lennie’s dream of buying their own Homestead.

• Candy’s dog: An old lame dog that is killed by Carlson. The death of the Dog and its release from suffering can be seen as similar to the eventual fate of Lennie.

• Curley: Once a semi-professional boxer, Curley is the bad tempered son of the Boss. He is a very jealous character who distrusts his wife and takes a disliking to Lennie

• Curley’s wife: The young, pretty wife of Curley. Steinbeck does not give the name of Curley’s wife which is unusual for a main character. Curley’s wife is used to create the tragic fate of Lennie.

• Slim: The main driver of a team of mules. Slim is respected even by the disagreeable Curley.

• Crooks: Made bitter by his discrimination as the only black ranch hand. Crooks is a sad and suffering character who gets his name from his crooked spine.

• Carlson: A big strong ranch hand who shows little sympathy in the killing of Candy’s dog.

• Whit: A minor character who is a ranch hand.

• The Boss: Runs the ranch for a land company. The father of Curley.

• Aunt Clara: Lennie’s Auntie who gives depth of character through providing reference to the past.

Texts we will be covering include:

1.    Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck
2.    An Inspector Calls by JB Priestly
3.    To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee
4.    A view From the Bridge by Arthur Miller
5.    Blood Brothers by Willy Russell
6.    The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare
7.    Othello by William Shakespeare
8.    Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare
9.    Macbeth by William Shakespeare
10.  Lord of the Flies by William Golding
11.  Pride And Prejudice by Jane Austin
12.  Stone Cold by Robert Swindells